(完整word版)必修五unit1課文及譯文

JOHN SNOW DEFEATS KING CHOLERA

John Snow was a famous doctor in London so expert,完整文及 indeed, that he attended Queen Victoria as her personal physician. But he became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people exposed to cholera. This was the deadly disease of its day. Neither its cause nor its cure was understood. So many thousands of terrified people died every time there was an outbreak. John Snow wanted to face the challenge and solve this problem. He knew that cholera would never be controlled until its cause was found.

約翰 斯洛是倫敦一位著名的醫生 他的確醫術精湛，因而成為照料維多利亞女王的版必私人醫生。但他一想到要幫助那些得了霍亂的譯文普通百姓時，他就感到很振奮。完整文及霍亂在當時是版必最致命的疾病，人們既不知道它的譯文病源，也不了解它的完整文及治療方法。每次霍亂暴發時，版必就有大批驚恐的譯文老百姓死去。約翰 斯洛想面對這個挑戰，完整文及解決這個問題。版必他知道，譯文在找到病源之前，完整文及霍亂疫情是版必無法控制的。

He became interested in two theories that possibly explained how cholera killed people. The譯文 first suggested that cholera multiplied in the air. A cloud of dangerous gas floated around until it found its victims. The second suggested that people absorbed this disease into their bodies with their meals. From the stomach the disease quickly attacked the body and soon the affected person died.

斯洛對霍亂致人死地的兩種推測都很感興趣。一種看法是霍亂病毒在空氣中繁殖著，像一股危險的氣體到處漂浮，直到找到病毒的受害者為止。第二種看法是人們在吃飯的時候把這種病毒引入體內的。病從胃里發作而迅速殃及全身，患者就會很快地死去。

John Snow suspected that the second theory was correct but he needed evidence. So when another outbreak hit London in 1845, he was ready to begin his enquiry. As the disease spread quickly through poor neighborhoods, he began to gather information. In two particular streets, the cholera outbreak was so severe that more than 500 people died in ten days. He was determined to find out why.

斯洛推測第二種說法是正確的，但他需要證據。因此，在 1854 年倫敦再次暴發霍亂的時候，約翰 斯洛著手準備對此進行調研。當霍亂在貧民區迅速蔓延的時候，約翰 斯洛就開始收集資料。他發現特別在兩條街道上霍亂流行的很嚴重，在 10 天之內就死去了 500 多人。他決心要查明原因。

First he marked on a map the exact places where all the dead people had lived. This gave him a valuable clue about the cause of the disease. Many of the deaths were near the water pump in Broad Street (especially numbers 16,37, 38 and 40) . He also noticed that some houses (such as 20 and 21 Broad Street and 8 and 9 Cambridge Street) had had no deaths. He had not foreseen this, so he made further investigations. He discovered that these people worked in the pub at 7 Cambridge Street. They had been given free beer and so had not drunk the water from the pump. It seemed that the water was to blame.

首先，他在一張地圖上標明了所有死者住過的地方。這提供了一條說明霍亂起因的很有價值的線索。許多死者是住在寬街的水泵附近(特別是這條街上 16、37、38、40 號)。他發現有些住宅(如寬街上 20 號和 21 號以及劍橋街上的 8 號和 9 號)卻無人死亡。他以前沒預料到這種情況，所有他決定深入調查。他發現，這些人都在劍橋街 7 號的酒館里打工，而酒館為他們免費提供啤酒喝，因此他們沒有喝從寬街水泵抽上來的水。看來水是罪魁禍首。

Next, John Snow looked into the source of the water for these two streets. He found that it came from the river polluted by the dirty water from London. He immediately told the astonished people in Broad Street to remove the handle from the pump so that it could not be used. Soon afterwards the disease slowed down. He had shown that cholera was spread by germs and not in a cloud of gas.

接下來，約翰 斯洛調查了這兩條街的水源情況。他發現，水是從河里來的，而河水被倫敦排出的臟水污染了。他馬上叫寬街上驚慌失措的老百姓拆掉水泵的把手。這樣，水泵就用不成了。不久，疫情就開始得到緩解。他證明了，他證明了霍亂是由病菌而不是由氣團傳播的。

In another part of London, he found supporting evidence from two other deaths that were linked to the Broad Street outbreak. A woman, who had moved away from Broad Street, liked the water from the pump so much that she had it delivered to her house every day. Both she and her daughter died of cholera after drinking the water. With this extra evidence John Snow was able to announce with certainty that polluted water carried the virus.

在倫敦的另一個地區，他從兩個與寬街暴發的霍亂有關聯的死亡病例中發現了有力的證據。有一位婦女是從寬街搬過來的，她特別喜歡那里的水，每天都要派人從水泵打水運到家里來。她和她的女兒喝了這種水，都得了霍亂而死去。有了這個特別的證據，約翰 斯洛就能夠肯定地宣布，這種被污染了的水攜帶著病菌。

To prevent this from happening again, John Snow suggested that the source of all the water supplies be examined. The water companies were instructed not to expose people to polluted water any more. Finally King Cholera was defeated.

為了防止這種情況的再度發生，約翰 斯洛建議所有水源都要經過檢測。自來水公司也接到指令，不能再讓人們接觸被污染的水了。最終， 霍亂王 被擊敗了。

COPERNICUS REVOLUTIONARY THEORY

Nicolaus Copernicus was frightened and his mind was confused. Although he had tried to ignore them, all his mathematical calculations led to the same conclusion: that the earth was not the centre of the solar system. Only if you put the sun there did the movements of the other planets in the sky make sense. Yet he could not tell anyone about his theory as the powerful Christian Church would have punished him for even suggesting such an idea. They believed God had made the world and for that reason the earth was special and must be the centre of the solar system.

尼古拉 哥白尼被嚇得心煩意亂的。雖然他曾經試著不去理睬那些數字，然而他所有的數學計算都得出了一個相同的結論：地球不是太陽系的中心。只有當你把太陽放在中心位置上，天空中其他行星的運動才能說得清楚。他的這個理論可不能告訴任何人，因為即使他只暗示有這種想法，他都會受到強大的基督教會勢力的懲罰。教會認為世界是上帝創造的，正因為如此，地球就具有特殊的意義，它必定要成為太陽系的中心。

The problem arose because astronomers had noticed that some planets in the sky seemed to stop, move backward and then go forward in the loop. Others appeared brighter at times and less bright at others. This was very strange if the earth was the centre of the solar system and all planets went round it.

這樣，問題就來了，因為天文學家以前發現過，天上有些行星停頓下來，往后移動，然后再成環狀向前移動，而其他行星看上去有時亮些，有時又不怎么亮。如果地球是太陽系的中心，而所有行星環繞著地球轉的話，那么這種現象就很奇怪了。

Copernicus had thought long and hard about these problems and tried to find an answer. He had collected observations of the stars and used all his mathematical knowledge to explain them. But only his new theory could do that. So between 1510 and 1514 he worked on it, gradually improving his theory until he felt it was complete.

哥白尼對這些問題曾經苦苦思索過很久，試圖找出問題的答案。他曾經收集過觀察星球的數據，并且利用他的全部數學知識來解釋這些數據。但是只有他的新理論才能作出解釋。于是，他在 1510 至 1514 年期間從事這項研究，逐步修改他的理論，直到他感到完善時為止。

In 1514 he showed it privately to his friends. The changes he made to the old theory were revolutionary. He placed a fixed sun at the centre of the solar system with the planets going round it and only the moon still going round the earth. He also suggested that the earth was spinning as it went round the sun and this explained changes in the movement of the planets and in the brightness of the stars. His friends were enthusiastic and encouraged him to publish his ideas, but Copernicus was cautious. He did not want to be attacked by the Christian Church, so he only published it as he lay dying in 1543.

1514 年，他把他的新理論私下里給他的朋友們看。他對舊理論的修改是具有革命性的。他把太陽固定在太陽系的中心位置上，而行星則圍繞著太陽轉，只有月球仍然繞著地球轉。他還提出地球在圍繞太陽轉的同時，它本身還自轉，這樣就說明了行星運動的變化情況以及星球亮度問題。他的朋友都熱情地鼓勵他把他的想法公之于世，而他卻小心謹慎，他不想遭到基督教會的攻擊，所以他直到 1543 年臨終之前才公布了這一觀點。

Certainly he was right to be careful. The Christian Church rejected his theory, saying it was against God s idea and people who supported it would be attacked. Yet Copernicus theory is now the basis on which all our ideas of the universe are built. His theory replaced the Christian idea of gravity, which said things tell to earth because God created the earth as the centre of the universe. Copernicus showed this was obviously wrong. Now people can see that there is a direct link between his theory and the work of Isaac Newton, Albert Einstein and Stephen Hawking.

當然，他小心謹慎是對的。基督教會拒絕接受他的理論，說這種理論違背了上帝的旨意，而支持這種理論的人都會受到打擊。然而哥白尼的理論卻是我們宇宙觀賴以建立的基礎。他的理論還改變了基督教對地心引力的看法，他們認為物體往地球上掉落是因為上帝創造了地球，而地球正是宇宙的中心。哥白尼表明這是明顯錯誤的。如今人們可以看到，他的這些想法與艾薩克 牛頓、阿爾伯特 愛因斯坦以及斯蒂芬霍金等人的研究都有著直接的聯系。

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